Last Updated: Apr 09, 2022
Quick Links: Table of Contents
- Yorkshire Terrier Versus Boykin Spaniel: Introduction
- Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel: Overview
- Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel: Comparison Table
- The Most Remarkable Differences Between the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel
- The Similarities Between the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel
- Size Comparison of the Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel
- Appearance (Colors) of the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel
- Lifespan of Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel
- Temperament of the Yorkshire Terrier Versus the Boykin Spaniel
- Price of Yorkshire Terrier versus Price of Boykin Spaniel
- The Popularity of Yorkshire Terrier versus Popularity of Boykin Spaniel
- Health Problems of Yorkshire Terrier versus Health Problems of Boykin Spaniel
- Tolerates Being Alone: Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel
- Do Yorkshire Terriers shed more than Boykin Spaniels?
- Which is Easier to Groom, the Yorkshire Terrier or the Boykin Spaniel?
- Which Dog Breed is more Dog-Friendly, the Yorkshire Terrier or the Boykin Spaniel?
- Are Yorkshire Terriers good family dogs? What about Boykin Spaniels?
- Is the Yorkshire Terrier Easier to Train than the Boykin Spaniel?
- Which one drools more, the Yorkshire Terrier or the Boykin Spaniel
- How Kid-friendly are Yorkshire Terriers and Boykin Spaniels?
- Does the Yorkshire Terrier Have a Higher Prey Drive than the Boykin Spaniel?
- Do Yorkshire Terriers Bark and Howl? What about Boykin Spaniels?
- Can Yorkshire Terriers Tolerate Cold Weather? And can Boykin Spaniels Tolerate Cold Weather?
- Wanderlust Potential: Yorkshire Terrier vs. Boykin Spaniel
- Can Yorkshire Terriers Tolerate Hot Weather? Can Boykin Spaniels Tolerate Hot Weather?
- Yorkshire Terrier Versus Other Dog Breeds
- Conclusion: Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel. Which One is a Better Pet?
Yorkshire Terrier Versus Boykin Spaniel: Introduction
Are you thinking of getting a new pet dog, and you have narrowed down your choices to the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel? Well, you have come to the right place. Because in this article, we will provide you with a detailed comparison of these two dog breeds to help you decide which of the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel better suits you.
We will provide you a detailed discussion and comparison of dog attributes such as intelligence, price, general health, friendliness, etc, for both the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel.
Furthermore, we will let you know which one of the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel is better suited for new dog owners, for owners with kids, for owners that live in apartments, for owners with dog allergies, etc.
Importantly, we did some analysis and calculation and we obtained a number that we call the Better-Pet Score™ for both the Yorkshire Terrier and for the Boykin Spaniel. The dog breed with the higher Better-Pet score is the `better` pet. We hope that these Better-Pet Scores will provide you with more insight into deciding which pet to get between the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel.
Our only goal here is to help you make a well-thought-out decision on your next long-term companion, be it the Yorkshire Terrier or the Boykin Spaniel.
Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel: Overview
A very important difference between the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel is the size difference between the two dog breeds. The Yorkshire Terrier is a tiny-sized dog while the Boykin Spaniel is a medium-sized dog.
Furthermore, the Yorkshire Terrier belongs to the Companion Dogs group. Companion Dogs were bred to be companions for humans. Their main goal in life is to be with people, and they will be very sad if left to themselves for long hours day after day.
On the other hand, the Boykin Spaniel belongs to the Sporting Dogs group. Sporting Dogs were bred to help hunters catch and retrieve feathered game. Some sporting dog breeds such as Retrievers, which were built for swimming, were bred to hunt waterfowl in water. Whereas sporting dog breeds like setters, spaniels, and pointing breeds were bred to hunt quail, pheasant, and other game birds nest on grasslands. Many Sporting Group breeds have thick, water-repellent coats that protect them from harsh hunting conditions.
Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel: Comparison Table
The table below compares the Yorkshire Terrier to the Boykin Spaniel based on different important factors such as Price, Health, Kid-friendliness, etc.
When a dog breed scores higher for a factor than the other dog breed, the box of the breed that scores higher is shaded green and the box of the breed that scores lower is shaded red. When there is no difference between the breeds for a particular factor then the box is shaded gray for both pets. Also, when the factor is not important in picking a pet, or when the factor cannot be compared between two pets, the box for the factor is shaded gray for both pets
Most of the factors in the table for each dog breed are ranked on a scale of 1 to 5. “1” means “worst”, and “5” means “best”.
However, some factors such as “Price”, “Average Lifespan”, etc. cannot be on a scale of 1 to 5, so they are not on a scale of 1 to 5 in the comparison table.
Later in this article, we will further explain each factor as it applies to the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel
Factor | Yorkshire Terrier | Boykin Spaniel |
---|---|---|
Does NOT Drool | 5/5 | 5/5 |
Life Span | 12 to 15 years | 10 to 12 years |
Tolerates Being Alone | 2/5 | 3/5 |
Tolerates Cold Weather | 2/5 | 3/5 |
Tolerates Hot Weather | 2/5 | 4/5 |
Kid-Friendly | 2/5 | 5/5 |
Friendly Toward Strangers | 2/5 | 3/5 |
Does NOT Shed | 4/5 | 2/5 |
Easy To Groom | 2/5 | 1/5 |
Potential NOT to Gain Weight | 4/5 | 2/5 |
Does NOT chew on things | 4/5 | 2/5 |
Low Prey Drive | 4/5 | 4/5 |
Dog Friendly | 3/5 | 4/5 |
Easy To Train | 3/5 | 4/5 |
Intelligence | 3/5 | 4/5 |
Does NOT Bark or Howl | 3/5 | 3/5 |
Tendency NOT to Wander | 3/5 | 2/5 |
Good For Novice Owners | 4/5 | 3/5 |
Affectionate With Family | 4/5 | 5/5 |
General Health | 4/5 | 2/5 |
Calmness/ Low Vigor | 2/5 | 1/5 |
Minimal Exercise Needs | 2/5 | 1/5 |
Weight | 4 to 6 pounds | 25 to 40 pounds |
Adapts Well To Apartment Living | 5/5 | 1/5 |
Easygoing | 1/5 | 2/5 |
NOT Rambunctious | 1/5 | 1/5 |
Potential For Playfulness | 5/5 | 4/5 |
Height | 8 to 9 inches tall at the shoulder | 14 to 18 inches tall at the shoulder |
Average Lifespan | 13.5 years | 11.0 years |
Average Price | $2420 | $1160 |
Price Range | $1600 – $2950 | $988 – $1500 |
Temperament Score | 83.7 percent | 100.0 percent |
Common Health Problems and Recommended Health Tests | ||
Popularity out of 200 Dog Breeds | 9 | 101 |
Next, we added the scores of the factors that can be added together for the Yorkshire Terrier in the table (that is, `Ease of Grooming` score + `General Health` score + `Calmness` score + …etc) and we compared it to the corresponding total score for the Boykin Spaniel. We call these total scores the Better-Pet Scores, as we mentioned earlier. We called this score the Better-Pet score because the better dog breed will have a higher score. This is because the pet will the higher score will have minimal needs and be easier to have as a pet.
The Better-Pet score for the Yorkshire Terrier is 76 out of 125 while the Better-Pet score for the Boykin Spaniel is 71 out of 125.
Based on their Better-Pet scores, the Yorkshire Terrier is a better pet than the Boykin Spaniel. So, you should get a Yorkshire Terrier!
The Most Remarkable Differences Between the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel
Below is a list of where the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel are most different:
The Similarities Between the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel
The Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel are very similar in certain aspects. Below is the list of where the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel are most similar:
Size Comparison of the Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel
Now, let us discuss the difference in size between the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel.
The Yorkshire Terrier weighs 4 to 6 pounds when fully grown. The Yorkshire Terrier is 8 to 9 inches tall at the shoulder when fully grown.
On the other hand, the Boykin Spaniel weighs 25 to 40 pounds when fully grown. The Boykin Spaniel is 14 to 18 inches tall at the shoulder when fully grown.
Appearance (Colors) of the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel
Yorkshire Terrier Colors
The Yorkshire Terrier comes in the following beautiful primary colors:
- Brown / Chocolate
- Red / Chestnut / Orange
- Bicolor
- Yellow / Tan / Blond / Fawn
- Black
- Golden
- Gray / Blue / Silver
- Tricolor (Brown, Black, & White)
- Apricot / Beige
- White / Cream
- Sable
The Yorkshire Terrier comes in the following lovely secondary colors in addition to its primary colors:
- White / Cream
- Apricot / Beige
- Black
- Yellow / Tan / Blond / Fawn
- Brown / Chocolate
- Gray / Blue / Silver
- Red / Chestnut / Orange
- Golden
- Tricolor (Brown, Black, & White)
- Sable
- Bicolor
Boykin Spaniel Colors
The Boykin Spaniel comes in the following beautiful primary colors:
- Red / Chestnut / Orange
- Brown / Chocolate
The Boykin Spaniel comes in the following lovely secondary colors in addition to its primary colors:
Lifespan of Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel
The lifespan of the Yorkshire Terrier is between 12 to 15 years. The average lifespan of the Yorkshire Terrier is 13.5 years.
The lifespan of the Boykin Spaniel is between 10 to 12 years. The average lifespan of the Boykin Spaniel is 11.0 years.
The Yorkshire Terrier live longer than the Boykin Spaniel.
Temperament of the Yorkshire Terrier Versus the Boykin Spaniel
The Boykin Spaniel has a better temperament than the Yorkshire Terrier.
This is because the temperament score for the Boykin Spaniel is 100.0 percent while the temperament score for the Yorkshire Terrier is 83.7 percent, according to the American Temperament Test Society (ATTS).
The American Temperament Test Society (ATTS) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to provide fair and objective evaluations of the temperaments of dog breeds.
Dog breeds with low temperament scores tend to show unprovoked aggression, they easily panic without quickly recovering from the panic, and they tend to avoid people. However, dog breeds with high temperament scores are not aggressive and are not shy. Also, these dogs are generally friendly and are protective of their owners.
The average temperament score across all dog breeds (over 250 breeds) is 83.7 percent.
With its temperament score of 83.7 percent, the Yorkshire Terrier has a below-average temperament compared to other dog breeds.
With its temperament score of 100.0 percent, the Boykin Spaniel has an above-average temperament compared to other dog breeds.
The ATTS obtained the temperament scores of the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel by measuring the temperaments of 43 Yorkshire Terriers and 2 Boykin Spaniels.
Price of Yorkshire Terrier versus Price of Boykin Spaniel
The average price of the Yorkshire Terrier puppy is $2420. The price of the Yorkshire Terrier typically ranges from $1600 – $2950. However, the price of a Yorkshire Terrier can be as low as $300 and as high as $15000. We obtained this price information by reviewing the prices of 957 Yorkshire Terrier puppies listed for sale from various sources.
The average price of the Boykin Spaniel puppy is $1160. The price of the Boykin Spaniel typically ranges from $988 – $1500. However, the price of the Boykin Spaniel can be as low as $100 and as high as $2000. We obtained this price information by collecting and reviewing the prices of 108 Boykin Spaniel puppies listed for sale from various sources.
The Yorkshire Terrier is more expensive than the Boykin Spaniel.
`Yorkshire Terrier | Boykin Spaniel | |
---|---|---|
Average Price | $2420 | $1160 |
Price Range | $1600 to $2950 | $988 to $1500 |
The charts below show the price distribution for the Yorkshire Terrier and Boykin Spaniel. For different price points, the charts show how many Yorkshire Terrier puppies or how many Boykin Spaniel puppies are listed for sale at those price points.
A breakdown of the prices of Yorkshire Terriers. The typical price range is shaded Green.
A breakdown of the prices of Boykin Spaniels
Note that a lot of factors determine how much you can expect to pay for the Yorkshire Terrier puppy or the Boykin Spaniel puppy. This includes if health screening tests have been performed on the puppy, if the puppy is from a famous pedigree, the US State where the puppy is bred, etc.
Nevertheless, when looking to buy a puppy, look at buying a puppy only from well-established breeders that breed puppies primarily for the love of dogs, and secondarily for profit. Do not buy a puppy from a puppy mill. Puppy mills mass-produce puppies in bad living conditions for maximum profit.
You may also consider adopting a dog instead of buying a dog.
The Popularity of Yorkshire Terrier versus Popularity of Boykin Spaniel
Every year, the American Kennel Club (AKC) publishes information on how popular a dog breed is in that particular year. The AKC gets the popularity information of a breed from how many dogs of that breed the owners register with the AKC every year. The AKC collects this data for about 200 dog breeds. The AKC collects this data for purebred dogs only(no mixed or hybrid dogs).
The graphs and the table below show the popularity of the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel over the years.
Based on the AKC popularity data over the years, the Yorkshire Terrier is more popular with dog owners than the Boykin Spaniel. This is because, over the years, the average popularity of the Yorkshire Terrier is 9 out of about 200 dog breeds while the average popularity of the Boykin Spaniel is 101 out of about 200 dog breeds.
Popularity of Yorkshire Terrier
Popularity of Boykin Spaniel
Year | Yorkshire Terrier Popularity Rank | Boykin Spaniel Popularity Rank |
---|---|---|
2013 | 6 | 121 |
2014 | 6 | 108 |
2015 | 7 | 107 |
2016 | 9 | 110 |
2017 | 9 | 98 |
2018 | 10 | 100 |
2019 | 12 | 89 |
2020 | 13 | 87 |
2021 | 13 | 90 |
Health Problems of Yorkshire Terrier versus Health Problems of Boykin Spaniel
Every dog breed has its own set of health problems that it has a tendency to develop. There is nothing like a perfect dog breed.
Both the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel are prone to certain genetic health conditions. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) is the organization that keeps track of health problems in dogs. Based on the extensive records that the OFA keeps, the OFA knows what health problems each dog breed is naturally prone to develop. Hence, the OFA recommends which health screening that breeders should perform on a dog breed to make sure that the breeders won`t breed `defective` dog parents that can pass down defective genes to their puppy offspring.
The more health problems a dog breed is prone to develop, the more health tests the OFA will recommend for that dog breed.
Based on our review of OFA records, we found that the Boykin Spaniel is prone to more genetic health problems than the Yorkshire Terrier.
This is because the OFA recommends more screening health tests for the Boykin Spaniel than for the Yorkshire Terrier.
7 health tests are recommended for Yorkshire Terrier while 8 tests are recommended for the Boykin Spaniel.
Below is a detailed discussion of health problems in Yorkshire Terriers and in Boykin Spaniels.
Yorkshire Terrier Health Problems
Yorkshire Terriers are genetically prone to certain health problems. However, breeders can reduce the chances of producing Yorkshire Terrier puppies with genetic defects by making sure that a puppy`s parents are free from genetic health problems before allowing the parent to make puppies.
The OFA provides breeders recommendations on which genetic diseases that breeders should screen their dog parents and puppies for.
If you want a Yorkshire Terrier puppy that will grow up to be healthy, make sure that your Yorkshire Terrier breeder screens your puppy or your puppy`s parents for the health problems that the OFA recommends for your puppy`s breed. This will increase the chances that your puppy is free from genetic defects.
The following are the health tests that Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) recommends that breeders should screen Yorkshire Terriers for:
You can find out more about OFA`s recommended tests for Yorkshire Terriers here.
Boykin Spaniel Health Problems
Boykin Spaniels are genetically prone to certain health problems. However, breeders can reduce the chances of producing Boykin Spaniel puppies with genetic defects by making sure that a puppy`s parents are free from genetic health problems before allowing the parent to make puppies.
The OFA provides breeders recommendations on which genetic diseases that breeders should screen their dog parents and puppies for.
If you want a Boykin Spaniel puppy that will grow up to be healthy, make sure that your Boykin Spaniel breeder screens your puppy or your puppy`s parents for the health problems that the OFA recommends for your puppy`s breed. This will increase the chances that your puppy is free from genetic defects.
The following are the health tests that Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) recommends that breeders should screen Boykin Spaniels for:
You can find out more about OFA`s recommended tests for Boykin Spaniels here.
More Discussions on Health Problems in Yorkshire Terriers and Boykin Spaniels
Based on our analysis of data from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, of all known genetic health problems in dogs, the health problem that is most commonly seen in the Yorkshire Terrier Breed is Legg-Calve-Perthes problems.
This is because the Yorkshire Terrier ranks 1 out of 40 dog breeds for Legg-Calve-Perthes problems. In fact, in a health test conducted on 321 Yorkshire Terriers, 9 of them had Legg-Calve-Perthes problems.
The genetic diseases that were found to commonly occur in Yorkshire Terriers, and how common these diseases are in Yorkshire Terriers relative to other dog breeds, are given below:
Based on our analysis of data from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, of all known genetic health problems in dogs, the health problem that is most commonly seen in the Boykin Spaniel Breed is Collie Eye Anomaly problems.
This is because the Boykin Spaniel ranks 2 out of 7 dog breeds for Collie Eye Anomaly problems. In fact, in a health test conducted on 684 Boykin Spaniels, 10 of them had Collie Eye Anomaly problems.
The genetic diseases that were found to commonly occur in Boykin Spaniels, and how common these diseases are in Boykin Spaniels relative to other dog breeds, are given below:
The table below lists the common health problems in Yorkshire Terrier and in Boykin Spaniel and the rank (prevalence), compared to other dogs, of these health problems in the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel:
`Disease | Yorkshire Terrier Rank | Boykin Spaniel Rank |
---|---|---|
Legg-Calve-Perthes problems | 1 out of 40 dog breeds | Not Common |
Patella problems | 3 out of 145 dog breeds | 28 out of 145 dog breeds |
Dentition Database problems | 23 out of 49 dog breeds | Not Common |
Eyes problems | 88 out of 182 dog breeds | 21 out of 182 dog breeds |
Hips problems | 159 out of 198 dog breeds | 23 out of 198 dog breeds |
Collie Eye Anomaly problems | Not Common | 2 out of 7 dog breeds |
Exercise Induced Collapse problems | Not Common | 2 out of 6 dog breeds |
Von Willebrands problems | Not Common | 3 out of 15 dog breeds |
Advanced Cardiac problems | Not Common | 48 out of 71 dog breeds |
Degenerative Myelopathy problems | Not Common | 52 out of 70 dog breeds |
Elbow problems | Not Common | 108 out of 144 dog breeds |
*To learn more about each of these diseases, go to OFA.org and search for the disease.
Again, most of these health problems can be prevented through health screening. Responsible breeders screen male and female dog parents for genetic problems. These breeders will only breed dogs that are free of genetic defects. That way, there is little or no chance that their puppies will grow up to have genetic health problems. Always ask a breeder for the list of health tests the breeder screens their dogs for before buying a puppy from such a breeder.
Tolerates Being Alone: Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel
Yorkshire Terriers do not like to be left alone.
Boykin Spaniels can be left alone only for a short time.
Do Yorkshire Terriers shed more than Boykin Spaniels?
Yorkshire Terriers do not shed a lot. They are good for people with dog allergies.
Boykin Spaniels shed. They are not recommended for people with dog allergies.
Which is Easier to Groom, the Yorkshire Terrier or the Boykin Spaniel?
Yorkshire Terriers require a lot of grooming and they are not very easy to groom.
Boykin Spaniels require a lot of grooming and they are not very easy to groom.
Which Dog Breed is more Dog-Friendly, the Yorkshire Terrier or the Boykin Spaniel?
Yorkshire Terriers get along fairly well with other dogs.
Boykin Spaniels get along very well with other dogs.
Are Yorkshire Terriers good family dogs? What about Boykin Spaniels?
Yorkshire Terriers are great family dogs. They are very affectionate with family.
Boykin Spaniels are great family dogs. They are very affectionate with family.
Is the Yorkshire Terrier Easier to Train than the Boykin Spaniel?
Yorkshire Terriers are fairly easy to train.
Boykin Spaniels are very easy to train.
Which one drools more, the Yorkshire Terrier or the Boykin Spaniel
Yorkshire Terriers do have a very low tendency to drool.
Boykin Spaniels do have a very low tendency to drool.
How Kid-friendly are Yorkshire Terriers and Boykin Spaniels?
Yorkshire Terriers do not get along well with kids. They are not kid-friendly.
Boykin Spaniels get along well with kids. They are kid-friendly.
Does the Yorkshire Terrier Have a Higher Prey Drive than the Boykin Spaniel?
Yorkshire Terriers have a very low prey drive. This means they get won`t chase after smaller pets. They tend to get along well with other pets.
Boykin Spaniels have a very low prey drive. This means they get won`t chase after smaller pets. They tend to get along well with other pets.
Do Yorkshire Terriers Bark and Howl? What about Boykin Spaniels?
Yorkshire Terriers bark and howl, but not very much.
Boykin Spaniels bark and howl, but not very much.
Can Yorkshire Terriers Tolerate Cold Weather? And can Boykin Spaniels Tolerate Cold Weather?
Yorkshire Terriers cannot tolerate cold weather. They are vulnerable to the cold.
Boykin Spaniels can moderately tolerate cold weather.
Wanderlust Potential: Yorkshire Terrier vs. Boykin Spaniel
Yorkshire Terriers have a moderate tendency to wander. This means that they sometimes get distracted by other animals or objects.
Boykin Spaniels have a high tendency to wander. They are easily distracted by other animals or objects.
Can Yorkshire Terriers Tolerate Hot Weather? Can Boykin Spaniels Tolerate Hot Weather?
Yorkshire Terriers cannot tolerate hot weather. They are not suited for hot environments.
Boykin Spaniels can tolerate hot weather.
Is the Yorkshire Terrier Better for Apartment Owners than the Boykin Spaniel?
Yorkshire Terriers adapt very well to apartment living.
Boykin Spaniels do not adapt well to apartment living.
Which is Better for New Dog Owners, the Yorkshire Terrier or the Boykin Spaniel?
Yorkshire Terriers are very good for new dog owners.
Boykin Spaniels are OK for new dog owners.
Yorkshire Terrier Versus Other Dog Breeds
You may also be interested in how the Yorkshire Terrier compares to other breeds aside from the Boykin Spaniel. So, see below the links to the comparison of the Yorkshire Terrier to other breeds:
Yorkshire Terrier versus Siberian Husky Yorkshire Terrier versus Cane Corso Yorkshire Terrier versus Scottish Deerhound Yorkshire Terrier versus Clumber Spaniel Yorkshire Terrier versus Spinone Italiano Yorkshire Terrier versus Puggle Yorkshire Terrier versus Bull Terrier Yorkshire Terrier versus American Bulldog Yorkshire Terrier versus Tibetan Terrier Yorkshire Terrier versus Alaskan Klee Kai Yorkshire Terrier versus Brussels Griffon Yorkshire Terrier versus Swedish Vallhund Yorkshire Terrier versus Papipoo Yorkshire Terrier versus Pharaoh Hound Yorkshire Terrier versus Portuguese Pointer Yorkshire Terrier versus American Water Spaniel Yorkshire Terrier versus English Springer Spaniel
Conclusion: Yorkshire Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel. Which One is a Better Pet?
In summary, there is nothing like a better dog breed or a worse dog breed. The important question to ask is which dog breed better matches your interests and lifestyle. We hope our discussion above will help you in deciding which dog breed between the Yorkshire Terrier and the Boykin Spaniel better suits you and your family.